Q. Does the plague still exist?

In the 1300s, the Black Death, as plague was called, killed about one-third of the people in Europe. A combination of antibiotics and improved living conditions have made plague rare today.Plague is found throughout the world, except for Australia. The greatest number of human infections occurs in African countries. However, the largest numbers of infected animals is in the United States and the former Soviet Union.The World Health Organization reports 1,000 to 3,000 cases of plague worldwide every year. An average of five to 15 cases occur each year in the western United States. These cases are usually scattered in rural areas; and are caused by bites primarily from infected prairie dogs. There has not been a person-to-person case in the U.S. since 1924.The bacteria for plague are found mainly in rats and their resident fleas.Plague is often mentioned as a bioterrorism weapon along with anthrax, smallpox and botulism. A bioweapon carrying plague is possible because the bacterium Yersinia pestis that causes plague occurs in nature and could be isolated and grown in a laboratory.Plague bacteria could be sprayed through the air, infecting anyone who inhales it. In this scenario, antibiotics would treat the plague if they are used soon after infection. There is no vaccine for plague.With prompt treatment, the overall fatality rate from plague is less than 15 percent. Without treatment, mortality rates can be as high as 60 percent for bubonic plague and 100 percent for pneumonic plague. Death can occur within days after symptoms appear.National and state public health officials have large supplies of drugs needed in the event of a bioterrorism attack.There are three forms of plague: bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic.Bubonic inflames the tonsils, adenoids, spleen and thymus. It induces fever, aches, chills, fatigue and tender lymph glands. Bubonic plague is the most common type in humans, but is rarely spread from person to person.Septicemic, in which bacteria multiply in the blood, causes fever, chills, shock, bleeding, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and death of tissue in fingers, toes and nose.Pneumonic plague occurs when the bacteria enter the lungs and cause pneumonia. This can be spread between people. It kills faster than the other forms. This form is the one that is feared by security officials. Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, weakness, chest pain, difficulty breathing and a bloody cough .The Times News, Inc., and affiliates do not endorse or recommend any medical products, processes, or services or provide medical advice. The views of the author do not necessarily state or reflect those of the TIMES NEWS. The article content is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician, or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.